Hr Manager free essay sample

The problem is that, particularly at the start of their studies or when returning after a long absence, students are not always sure what writing in your own words means. Sometimes they are even unaware of the fact that they have copied or very closely paraphrased the academic material from which they are working. If you are a student who is at all unsure about these issues, then Writing in Your Own Words is for you.Writing in Your Own Words has been produced by the Faculty of Social Sciences to help you get to grips with the sometimes difficult task of producing academic material that is based on a thorough understanding of your sources and which you have thereby made your own. As you will see, one Of the reasons this is so important is that, when work is produced in this way, it avoids the danger of being either copied or closely paraphrased from those sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Hr Manager or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The booklet is divided into three main sections: Section 2 provides you with some quick reference summaries that identify what is meant by writing in your own words; why writing in your own words is important; and how to ensure that you have written using your own words. Section 3 takes you through a worked example, demonstrating what it looks like to write using your own words. This section also discusses in more detail why writing in your own words is important and how to ensure that you achieve this.Finally, section 4 tells you how tutors (sometimes referred to as Associate Lecturers or ALLS) are likely to respond to copied, closely paraphrased or popularized work at different levels of Open University study. Clearly, you will not necessarily have to read this booklet from cover to cover. Depending on your needs, you may want to refer only to the quick reference section or to section 4. Alternatively, you may feel that you want to explore writing in your own words in more depth, in which case you will probably choose to read section 3 with some care.However, whatever you decider it is Seibel that you will have to refer to Writing in Your Own Words at a future point in your studies. Indeed, your tutor may explicitly ask you to do this. In consequence, you are strongly recommended to file this booklet so that it can be easily retrieved. 2 Writing in your own words: an overview Learning to write using your own words is an important part of an academic education. However, as was noted in the Introduction, it is sometimes difficult to grasp exactly what writing in your own words involves.In order to help you in this task, you will find below some quick reference checklists identifying: what is meant by writing in your own words; why writing in your own words is important; and, how to ensure that you have written using your own words. If you want to follow up these points, you will find more detailed advice and guidance, including a worked example, in section 3. 2. 1 What is meant by writing in your own words? Academic writing often involves summarizing, synthesizing analyzing or evaluating other peoples arguments.To write in your own words means to reflect on and digest such source material and then to discuss or redeploy this using your own vocabulary, appropriate references, and an argument hat is structured to address the specific task in hand. As this implies, writing in your own words involves much more than changing an odd word or phras e from your source material. As well as providing appropriate references, you should aim to use different vocabulary, delete superfluous points, and adapt the structure of the argument to your own purposes (for example, to address the precise demands of a tutor-marked assignment (T MA) question).In short, you should make the material your own. It is acceptable to repeat some words or phrases, particular Larry where these are art of the technical vocabulary of the discipline. If, for illustrative purposes, you need to provide a brief quotation or to reproduce a photograph, diagram, table or similar visual aid from your source material, you should always use any necessary quotation marks or indentations (for text) and supply appropriate reference details. Guidance on quoting and referencing may be available in your course materials.Alternatively, detailed advice can be found in Good Essay Writing: A Social Sciences Guide (Reread, 2001), while more general guidance is available in The Good Study Guide (Northerner, 1990). . 2 Why is writing in your own words so important? Putting ideas into your own words is part of the process of internalizing them or making them your own. It will help clarify your understanding of these ideas, will improve your ability to recall them in the future, and will enable you to deploy them in new contexts.The ability to explain something using your own words demonstrates your understanding of it and will allow your tutor to award marks accordingly. Using your own words demonstrates that your work is your own. Claiming someone elses work as your own is called plagiarism and, if done elaborately, is a serious academic offence. (For further information on the universitys policy on plagiarism, and its sanctions against it, see the Assessment Handbook. ) 2. 3 How to ensure that you have written using your own words ; Always write notes in your own words.This will prevent them being unwittingly copied into your final piece of work without being properly attributed. Make time to check your work against your source material. Is it copied or closely paraphrased? If so, you will need to go back and revise any affected passages. Students sometimes Copy difficult material. TO avoid this, try to clarify any areas of uncertainty by discussing them in advance with fellow students and/ or your tutor. Students sometimes copy inadvertently when under abnormal pressure. If you are under this kind of pressure, it may be in your interests, where this is permitted, to seek an extension to the cut-off date (remember to ask for this in advance of the cut-off date, however); to submit a partially finished piece of work; or, where this is permitted, to opt for substitution. You should discuss your options with your tutor before making any decision. (Guidance on requesting extensions and on substitution is available in the Assessment Handbook.Dont be tempted to copy deliberately. If you have a problem with the course, talk to your tutor. It is likely that she or he will be able to help you identify a better solution. 3 Exploring writing in your own words in greater depth Perhaps the best way to grasp what Writing in your own words involves is to explore a worked example. As you will see, the example that has been chosen is a lighthearted one. Nevertheless, it usefully illustrates what it actually means to write in your own words. 3. Writing in your own words: a worked example The following is an extract from a popular cookery book, Jamie Olivers The Naked Chef: If asked most people if they made risotto at home I reckon most would say no, and would think it was just Ponca restaurant food. But risottos are really meant to be cooked at home you can prepare them easily, and can make them warming and wholesome or delicate and light. They are cheap and can be eaten all year round. Think a few restaurants bastardize the whole method and principle of risotto. The perfect risotto should slowly ooze across the plate, not be made into a tower or a mould the fact that it isnt moving tells you that its too dry. Yuck! (Oliver, 2001 , p. 1 69) Imagine for a moment that we need to review this argument for an assessed piece of work. It is, of course, possible that Jamie Olivers thoughts on risottos would not be central to the overall argument we are trying to develop. As such, we might need to refer to them only in passing. For instance, we might write: Oliver (2001 , p. 69) suggests that risotto is easy to make despite the fact that it is often thought of as a dish served mainly in restaurants. In such circumstances, it is pretty easy to write using our own words. As you can see, this summary of Jamie Olivers argument is so brief that we could not e accused of having copied it or of having paraphrased the original too closely. If, however, the argument demands that we include a more detailed summary of Jamie Olivers points, our task becomes more difficult.How do we avoid copying or closely paraphrasing the original text? There is, of course, a number of ways we could summarize the passage, but one version might look something like this: Version A: Jamie Oliver (2001 ) argues that risotto is an economical dish that is easy to cook at home, is suitable for any season and can be made so that it is either nourishing or lighter and more subtly flavored. He also argues that, while risotto is frequently thought of as what he calls Ponca restaurant food (p. 69), restaurant-prepared versions of the dish are sometimes too dry and, as such, detract from its true character. What does this tell us about writing in our own words? First, it is obvious that the paragraph summarizes Jamie Olives points. From this we can conclude that using our own words does not mean writing without reference to source materials or using only our personal experience. In fact, unless specifically told to do otherwise, your assessed work will need to summarize, Hennessey, analyses and evaluate arguments and evidence from the course itself.As such, you will need to take care to acknowledge whose arguments are being considered. For example, you will see that Version A begins with the statement, Jamie Oliver (2001 ) argues that This clearly identifies that the ideas that follow are Jamie Olivers and not those of the student who wrote it. Having said this, it is also clear that, while the paragraph remains true to Jamie Olivers original meaning, the vocabulary is substantially different, the structure of the argument has been reorganized and some less relevant mints have been omitted.This is important because students sometimes think that writing in your own words simply means taking a paragraph from the course and changing an odd word, omitting a couple of phrases or rearranging a number of sentences. For instance, instead of Version A, above, another student might have come up with the following, rather problematic, us mm array: Version B: Jamie Oliver argues that, if asked whether they made risotto at home, most people would say no. This is because they think of risotto as Ponca restaurant food. However, risottos are really meant to be cooked at home. As Jamie Oliver argues, they are easy to prepare and can be made warming and wholesome or delicate and light. They are also cheap and can be eaten all the year round. Oliver goes on to suggest that some restaurants bastardize risottos. The perfect risotto, he claims, should ooze across the plate. If its in a tower or a mould and therefore not moving it is too dry. If you compare Version B to the original extract from The Naked Chef you will see that, although it is not always copied word for word, it paraphrases the original very closely, keeping the same order of the argument and using much f the same vocabulary, sentence structure and so on. In addition, although it identifies Jamie Oliver as the author, it does not provide any reference details. As such, it could justifiably be accused of being copied. As we saw in Version A, writing in your own words is very different from this.Rather than copying, it involves reflecting on and digesting someone elses ideas, then producing your own interpretation of these and/or reworking them so that they address the specific task in hand (for example, answering a TAMA question). In fact, one of the best ways to ensure that you have used our own words is, first, to study your source material carefully, taking any appropriate notes as you go, and then to put this source material away. If you do this you wi ll be forced to write using your own terms and based on your own understanding of the material. In addition, this process will help you shape or orientate the original points to your own particular needs. Of course, this does not mean that your summary must be one hundred per cent different from the original source material. For instance, although the vocabulary used in Version A is substantially different from that in the original extract from The Naked Chef, you may have noticed that some of the words are the same. Does this matter? The short answer is, no. Most obviously, since Jamie Oliver is writing about risotto, it would be very strange if the paragraph did not mention this dish by name.Like cooking, academic disciplines also have their own technical terms. Clearly, you 6 will often need to unpack such technical vocabulary in order to demonstrate your understanding of the ideas that lie behind it. However, one of the skills you will be developing in the course of your studies is the ability to deploy chemical vocabulary in your own work. In consequence, you can expect to repeat technical words and phrases used in the course material as well as the odd everyday term or expression.Finally, you will notice that the second sentence in Version A also includes a short quotation taken directly from Jamie Olivers original text (that is, it refers to Ponca restaurant food). Although this phrase is copied directly from the original it is clearly signaled as a quotation by the use of single inverted commas and by the page reference immediately following it. Quotations like this are often used as evidence to support an argument or to illustrate or amplify a particular point. In this case, the quotation marks also serve to warn the reader that Jamie Olivers choice of vocabulary would not necessarily be the writers own.It is perfectly acceptable to use quotations of this kind so long as yo u follow the standard conventions for quoting written material (that is, you place quoted text in single inverted commas or, for longer quotations, in a separate paragraph indented at the left margin; and you reference your source). As mentioned in section 2. 1 above, guidance on use of quotations and preferences may be available in your course materials. Alternatively, detailed advice can be found in Good Essay Writing: A Social Sciences Guide (Reread, 2001), while more general advice is available in The Good Study Guide (Northerner, 1990).Again as mentioned in section 2. 1, as well as written quotations, you may sometimes need to use photographs, maps, diagrams, tables or other visual material in order to illustrate or amplify a point, or as evidence to support an argument. Once again, this is perfectly acceptable so long as you clearly reference your source. However, whenever quoting written or visual material, oh should make sure that the quotation supports rather than replaces your own argument. In other words, you will need to show how and why a particular table, map, or short written extract is important to your own argument rather than assuming that it will do your work for you. 3. 2 Why is writing in your own words so important? Some Why is it so important to use your own words in academic writing? As was previously summarized in section 2. 2, there are three main reasons for this: 1 Putting an argument into your own words clarifies your understanding of it. The fact of the matter is that, in the process of putting someone elses argument into your own words, you will be forced to get to grips with it.For example, you may have noticed in everyday life occasions when, although you think you have understood something, you have subsequently found it difficult to explain this point to someone else. Academic work is much the same. It is the process of explaining something that clarifies your understanding of it and helps you internalize it. Thus, if you simply copy something, it is likely that you will have only half digested it. However, if you put it into your own words if, in effect, you explain it to yourself or someone else -? the likelihood is that it will start to make more sense.

Understanding the K1 Fiancee Visa Process

Understanding the K1 Fiancee Visa Process A K1 fiancee visa is a non-immigrant visa, which allows a foreign fiancà © or fiancà ©e (to simplify things, well use fiancee in the rest of this article) entry into the U.S. to marry a U.S. citizen. After marriage, an application is made for an adjustment of status for permanent residence. Obtaining the K1 visa is a multi-step process. First, the U.S. citizen files a petition to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Once that is approved, the foreign fiancee will be allowed to complete the process to obtain a K1 visa. The foreign fiancee will provide additional documentation to the local U.S. embassy, attend a medical exam and visa interview. Filing the Fiancee Visa Petition The U.S. citizen (also knows as the petitioner) submits a petition for his or her foreign fiancee (also known as the beneficiary) to the USCIS.The petitioner submits Form I-129F Petition for Alien Fiance, along with Form G-325A Biographic Information, current fees and any required documentation to the appropriate USCIS Service Center.After a few weeks, the U.S. petitioner receives Form I-797, the first Notice of Action (NOA), from the USCIS acknowledging that the petition has been received.Depending on processing times, the petitioner then receives the second NOA from the USCIS acknowledging that the petition has been approved.The USCIS Service Center forwards the petition to the National Visa Center.The National Visa Center will process the file and run preliminary background checks on the beneficiary, then forward the approved petition to the beneficiarys embassy, as listed in the I-129F. Acquiring the Fiancee Visa The embassy receives the file and processes it locally.The embassy sends a package to the beneficiary that includes a checklist of documents that must be collected. The beneficiary will be instructed to send certain items back to the embassy immediately, while other items will be brought to the interview.The beneficiary will complete the checklist and any forms, include any documents required immediately and send the package back to the embassy.Once received, the consulate will send a letter to the beneficiary confirming the date and time of the visa interview.The beneficiary attends a medical interview.The beneficiary attends the visa interview. The interviewing officer will review all documents, ask questions, and make a decision on the case.If approved, the K1 fiancee visa will be issued that day or within the week, depending on the embassy. Activating the Fiancee Visa - Entering the U.S. The beneficiary will travel to the U.S. within 6 months of the K1 fiancee visa being issued.At the port of entry, an immigration officer will review the paperwork and finalize the visa, allowing the beneficiary to officially enter the U.S. First Steps - In the U.S. The K1 fiancee visa holder should apply for a Social Security number shortly after entering the U.S.The couple may now apply for a marriage license. Watch your timing! Most states apply a short waiting period between applying for the license and the marriage ceremony. Marriage The happy couple can now tie the knot! The marriage must take place within 90 days of activating the K1 visa. After Marriage If the foreign spouse is making a name change after marriage, take the new Social Security card and marriage certificate back to the Social Security Administration office to make a name change on the card. Adjustment of Status Now its time to apply for an Adjustment of Status (AOS) to become a permanent resident. It is important to file for the AOS before the K1 expiry date, otherwise, you will be out-of-status. If the foreign spouse wants to work in the U.S. or travel outside the U.S. before permanent resident status is granted, an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) and/or Advance Parole (AP) must be filed along with the AOS.

Promoting Emotional Wellbeing in Working with Children and Young Essay - 1

Promoting Emotional Wellbeing in Working with Children and Young People - Essay Example Teenagers who are strong in their emotional foundation are more capable of taking the advantage of the positive opportunities available in the surrounding. However, those teenagers, who belong to disadvantageous backgrounds (HM Government n.d., 1), are not capable of making the most of their youth as they lack support, ability and emotional foundation to utilize the benefits that teenage has to offer. This increases their frustration and drives them to take wrong decisions and indulge in anti-social behavior, drugs and sex (HM Government n.d., 1), which further deteriorate their physical and psychological health. The case study of a teenage girl Carla, which is discussed in this paper, is a good example of how a teenager from disadvantageous background can get in a repetitive destructive behavior pattern and lose all control over life. This paper aims at understanding the core of problems related to young people from disadvantageous background and what can individuals, society and go vernment initiatives can do to improve their lives. It has been found that teenagers who lack the emotional strength and well-being suffer the additional loss as they not only lose on life opportunities but also develop a negative and destructive pattern in life which continues in their adulthood and destroys all the chances of growth, happiness and success in life. Hence, to make the most of life, every teenager should be provided with emotional well being by giving them all the support that is needed in their familial, educational and social environment and more importantly, they should be counseled to develop a strong self-esteem as only a strong self-esteem can drive them to refuse in becoming a victims of negative patterns in life and choose the best that life has to offer. Carla Case Study Carla is 14 years old girl who is going through lots of emotional, psychological and educational problems. She has a history of getting involved in destructive relationships, indulgence in u nsafe sex and abortions. Currently, she is 16 weeks pregnant and it is her fourth pregnancy. Two of the pregnancies were early terminations with the last being at 20 weeks gestation, and they all with different abusive partners. Carla has a chaotic lifestyle and although she claims not to ‘use’ Class A drugs, she is a frequent Cannabis user and heavy drinker which makes it difficult for her to focus on her studies. Sadly, Carla’s mother has been in a succession of abusive relationships since Carla can remember. The insecurity and unstable home environment made Carla to spend two years between the age of 8 and 10 years, under the care of the local authority (her two younger brothers have been placed in care for the foreseeable future). Carla does not know her father and her mother is an alcoholic. Carla’s mother is incapable of giving emotional and financial support to Carla as she herself is fighting addiction, financial insecurity and emotional problems. This has negatively affected Carla’s life. Carla’s attendance at school throughout her younger years has been sporadic with exclusions for assault, theft and arson. She is currently under the supervision of the youth offending team. Carla has difficulty in building healthy relationships so she has no friends to offer support. Carla and her family are known to the local Social Services Department and Safeguarding Board. Analysis of the Case Carla’

The changing scenarios of the oil market in the Azerbaijan Republic Essay

The changing scenarios of the oil market in the Azerbaijan Republic - Essay Example I also give thanks to Mr. Aydin M. Gashimov, Stakeholder Investment and Reporting Manager in BP Exploration (Caspian Sea) Limited, who answered all my questions without hesitation. Mr. Iohan Heiberg, Vice-president of Statoil Azerbaijan, and Mr. Redjeb Akhsulu, General Manager of Shell Azerbaijan Exploration and Production B.V. who also contributed with his very useful comments. The recent growing demand for oil around the globe has seen oil prices remain quite unpredictable. Most of the world economies are dependent on oil; hence, any fluctuations in its price have a direct impact on the cost of essential goods and services. Nevertheless, energy prices have been skyrocketing, presenting fresh day-to-day challenges to organizations and compelling them to adjust their strategies accordingly in order to minimize the adverse consequences. The following chapter reviews past works of research conducted by other researchers in order to support the secondary research methodology used in this dissertation. The literature review is divided into four areas of research. The PESTEL [Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Environmental and Legal (factors)] model of analysis will be employed in order improve the structure of investigation and highlight pertinent issues. PESTEL is a strategic planning tool that helps a company to view the scope of the market beyond its limits. The analysis is an important reminder to an organization in situations where the organization is focused only on internal matters at the expense of external forces that directly and indirectly affect it and may have profound consequences on it. Managers of organizations have to visualize the factors that have the highest probability of changing and those that affect them most. These factors vary in different environments. In doing the PESTEL analysis, managers have to decide on the various aspects of the model by considering their relative importance. One

Paper Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper Critique - Essay Example Since Chondrus crispus is dominant in the low tidal zone, Lubchenco looked at the effect of Chondrus crispus on the lower limit of F. vesiculosus and F. distichus zone: Chondrus crispus was removed from a section of the lower tidal zone at each site, and recolonization of the section was monitored regularly. (This involved either scrapping the erect part of Chondrus crispus off the rocks to mimic natural removal of Chondrus thallus during a winter storm, or removing even the Chondrus crust to mimic the rarely occurring complete Chondrus destruction by limpet grazing or ice scouring). I believe that in such a complex system as a natural ecosystem, it is hard to point to a single factor (biotic or abiotic) as the main determinant of a species specialization to a particular environment. In my opinion the author performed this part of the study in a rather biased way and looked solely at the effect of Chondrus crispus on the lower limits of fucoid species zone. I would suggest locating other environments with the same zonation pattern and comparing them to identify the range of parameters that are common among them. Another option might be examining the effect of the best three candidate biotic and abiotic factors in laboratory simulation conditions and looking whether these influence significantly the Fucus capacity to colonize the low tidal zone. 4. The author succeeded partially in answering and discussing the questions posed in the study. Her data confirmed that biotic factors do play a role in zonation pattern formation, along with previously identified abiotic factors. These data also demonstrated that inter-species competition and herbivory are the two biotic factors affecting species zonation patterns, with competition determining species survival, and herbivory affecting species abundance. Lubchenco discussed extensively the niche width-related question and concluded that this is

Managing A New Product Launch The Issues Marketing Essay

Managing A New Product Launch The Issues Marketing Essay After the tremendous success of Keurig Single Cup Brewer system in Office Coffee Service (OCS) or Away-from home market in late 1990s, Keurig Inc. is about to launch their new product named as B100 for At-Home consumers in 2003. The Vice President and CEO of Keurig Incs Nick Lazaris after doing extensive market surveys and testing completed with the help of professional services and analyzing new marketing strategy and its impact on already existing marketing channels is currently facing some serious issues and problems that the senior management has yet to resolve. First of all Anderson (2005) states that Keurig wanted to pursue direct sales strategy for its new At-home brewer system B100 but in order not to affect Keurig Authorized Distributors (KAD)s sale and pricing control over OCS market Keurig thought to introduce a new K-cups called Keurig-cup especially for At-home consumers. Heavy Investment of nearly $ 700,000 ($400,000 for development of the new cup-based technology, and $60,000 per Keurig-Cup packaging line, assuming one line per each of Keurigs five roasters) had already been made and now Green Mountain Coffee Roaster (GMCR) has serious concern regarding the double production of portion packs and their storage moreover not to forget confusion that customers may have. So whether it is beneficial to pursue the launch of Keurig-cups or to just let the existing K-cups to be used in At-home brewer system. Secondly Anderson (2005) states that there is a pricing issue as the market survey shows the acceptable price to be $ 149 but after including all the variable and fixed cost of B100 system the cost incurring is $ 220 which manufacturing is making an effort to lower but it is not yet done. So in this scenario at what suitable price should B100 system be launched? And how can prize be lowered. Third issue that Anderson (2005) identified was the pricing of the K-cups or Keurig-cups which maximum their market opportunity and would be reasonable enough for both the consumers and the manufacturer. Finally the issue was to look out of the box for any other marketing effort beside the current marketing plan which might have been missed and which could make the launch of B100 At-home system successful in the market. Economic trends and expectations: While in South Asia the day starts with a cup of tea, in china its herbal tea or warm water, in American its a cup of coffee. Coffee is a beverage without with there is no concept of starting a day whether its working men, women, students, housewives or senior citizens. Adley (2010) stated that according to National Coffee Association on average, 54 per cent of the American adult population consumed coffee beverages daily and on average an American drinks 3-1 cups of coffee each day whereas America is still maintaining its 8th highest level of coffee consumption in the world. U.S Coffee market is constantly increasing where specialty coffee is the main highlight whose sales share is 8 % of the market and is jumping surprisingly 20 per cent per year.(Adley, 2010). Adley (2010) also pin pointed that the increasingly popular trend is shifted from Away-from-home towards At-home and 83% of the consumers brew their coffee at home due to awareness of greener, cheaper and anti-establishment alternative. So the economic pointers suggest that a new brewer system for At-home consumers is definitely a good idea and has the potential to prosper in the current economic trends and consumer expectations. Technology: Now technology is the one constant that keeps on evolving and if the companys brand is not technological sound or must be advance than the other competitors then there are no real prospects for the brand in the market. While looking at the technology used by the Keurig Inc. Anderson (2005) mentioned that Keurig single-portion system is design to well balance three key element amount, temperature and pressure of water to offer the consumer consistently superior taste of coffee. K-cups are designed such that one doesnt have to be concerned with how much amount of coffee would brew that perfect cup and as it is air tight, moisture resistant and for once use only so the quality of the content is not compromised and could stay fresh for 6 months. The other big competitor of Keurig is Tassimo in single-cup service market. The technology used by Tassimo is slightly superior because they are using bar-coded smart technology which enables them to brew Latte, Cappuccino and Espresso (William, 2009). Both of the companies brewer system uses single-portion packs k-cups for Keurig and T-Disc for Tassimo. Both the system offer 8 ounce of the coffee from the system which necessitate least possible cleaning just remove the K-Cup or T-Disc and there is no mess at all and the system is good to brew next cup of your favorite flavor of coffee. Keurig has taken special care in packing their K-cup to make sure that the quality of the coffee does not get depreciated before it is consumed by the customer. Whereas Coffee pods that are used in single serve brewer have special filter paper sealed together which is not affective whereas Keurig K-cups uses a patented technology that perforates through air tight k-cup and produce better coffee(Ebenezer,2009). In the Coffee market, the single cup At-home Brewer system is rapidly growing trend, 65% of the consumers takes their coffee in the breakfast (Adley, 2010). Most of which the consumers are preferring to brew coffee at home as they now have sophisticated and affordable options in the market. Market Share and Competitors: Keurig is not alone in single cup brewer market. In 2003 both Salton and Keurig introduced first brew pack system by launching Melitta One and B100 system respectively in the market(Corporate development Associates, 2007). In their report Corporate Development Associate (2007) also mentioned that Sara lee introduced Senseo system, Procter and Gamble launched Home Cafà © System and Nestle introduced refurbish Nespresso Program in 2003 whereas Kraft launched its patented product Tassimo in September 2005. So now currently Keurig has to fight tough with all the above mention brands to even maintain its market share. Keurig is in the middle of Senseo of Sara Lee and Tassimo of Kraft (Anderson, 2005). The gourmet Coffee market spawn around $ 7 billion dollar in sales annually. According to Anderson (2005) of the total Retail Coffee Market ($ in billion) At-home retail market was around $ 6.9 billion and At-home Gourmet market is $ 3.1 Billion dollar so this gave the management clear identification that there is opportunity existing in the market to launch a new product and the market markers also showed the upward trend in the growth of the market. Together, Procter Gamble and Philip Morris/Kraft hold 68% of the entire market, although they primarily target the non-gourmet coffee consumer (Anderson,2005 ). Keurig must utilize a marketing strategy that creates a competitive advantage, thus taking away market share from other companies and attracting those customers to gourmet coffee and brewing systems. While the entire coffee market seems to be an oligopoly with Procter Gamble and Philip Morris/Kraft as the main competitors, Keurig is targeting a more up-scale audience of gourmet coffee drinkers. Here, it is important to define the relevant target market and competitors within that market. In the gourmet sector of the coffee market, perfect competition does not exist; not all products offered are exactly the same. Instead, this is monopolistic competition. Products and whole marketing mixes contain differences between companies, models, and pod systems. This gives the competitors pricing options (McCarthy et al. 2005). In this monopolistic competition, Keurigs K-Cup (or Keurig-Cup) system and brewer match up very well against the competition. Keurig has some significant advantages over the competition; there are, however, areas in which Keurig trails. For example, when comparing the brewers of Flavia and Melitta, a subsidiary of Salton, the main difference is in the size of cup brewed. Melitta and Flavia both offer the user a choice between a strong five-ounce cup and a weaker eight-ounce cup. Keurigs B100 only offers the eight-ounce choice (Davids). However, Keurig is viewed to have the upper hand over these two companies because they offer the consumers a greater variety of coffees and a better quality coffee with every cup. In the up-scale sector of multi-cup brewers, competition includes Cuisinart, Krups, Braun, DeLonghi, and Bunn (Anderson,2005 ). The consumers of these up-scale brewers are those that Keurig will target and attempt to show the appeal of one-cup technology. Moreover Keurigs 85 % of the sales is expected to be coming from single cup brewer and the growing rate is also expected to be maintained at 100% and company is expecting to reach at 3.7 million homes and they believe that the single cup brewer can reach upto 20% of the U.S brewer (Notable Calls, 2009). Keurig has a sound place in the market and its products if maintain the quality of the coffee delivered than there is no doubt that the product will not only do good for itself but it will also helps Keurig to uplift its position in the market. Companys Strategy: Keurigs Strategy is simple and straight-forward and that is to provide the consumer with the best quality of cup of coffee in the comfort of their home and in minimum time (1 min to brew a cup in preheat Brewer) and affordable price. Firms marketing Strategy: The Company is thinking to utilize direct marketing approach with this new B100 Brewer System. Although for Away-Home sector the company used intermediatories and those are called Keurig Authorized Distributors (KAD). These KADs are responsible for installing and maintaining the system. KADs are used to maintain relationship with office managers and take their feedbacks but this time Keurig cannot afford to retail the product so direct marketing approach is taken into consideration but the approach cant be a success without the KADs which are currently supposing this direct marketing approach will reduce their influence (Anderson, 2005). The product promotions are done independently and even distribution needs either direct distribution or huge investment to make brewers single portion pack available to the consumer. According to Anderson (2005) research has also shown that the new brewer product is demonstration driven so the company has to think about the best way to demonstrate to the target market (At-home consumers). So in direct marketing a website would be launched along with e-mails but even in this KADS assistance is required as they have relationship with office managers which have the employees information. So when Away-Home/OCS consumers list is made available then promotional e-mails would be sending to them because Keurig is aiming the target market which will emerge from Away-Home/ OCS. Product Life Cycle: Product: The product is in its introduction stage in product life cycle and as the company is entering in a new market segment. Generally the new product in new segments tends to emphasis more on promotion, product and place so it is hard to make any considerable profit. But it is projected in market survey that the sales of the Keurig in single cup segment will tend to increase each year (Anderson, 2005). Price: Price is very crucial factor for Keurigs B100 system and K-cups/Keurig-cup. In the market survey it was seen that the coffee drinkers consuming two or more cups per weekday are willingly to pay higher than the drinkers consuming one cup. Drinkers consuming more than two cups of coffee are even more likely to pay more for their individual cup and it is also showed in the survey that the coffee consumption tends to increase due to the charisma of Keurigs B100 it can be predicted the single cup per weekday consumers will also join 2+ cups per weekday consumers. The survey showed that price 2+cup consumers willingly to pay for the brewer system is $ 130 (Anderson, 2005) The price elasticity of demand is tends to be higher because of the competition in the market. Most of the competitors brands are offer the brewer system lesser in price or in the same price vicinity. The Average Coffee pod machine cost range between $ 69-100 and per 8 oz Cup average is $0.20. Keurig entry level average cost is $ 99 and its 8 oz single cup costs $0.40 whereas Tassimo entry level cost is $ 129.99 and its specialty coffee cost is $1.12 per cappuccino (No wonder its the 3rd ranging brand) and even Nespresso entry level cost is $ 199.99 and its 8 oz cup cost $ 1.00(Jay,2006) and taking into consideration that the manufacturer are predicting price nothing less than $ 200 for new B100 the market seems to be less acceptable. If the K-cup prices could be adjusted so the consumer can be motivated to even buy once expensive system to get a cheaper per cup coffee rate then the product have the potential of penetrating the market. Promotion: The best promotional activity for K-Cups is to offer discounts when buying cups. For example, a discount could be offered through free shipping and handling when total cup purchases are over a certain dollar amount. Another possibility is to offer 25 cups at regular price and half off on the second 25 purchased. When we are talking about the Brewer as mentioned earlier that Internet survey suggested that demonstration is the best possible way so the key factors of interest to promote include convenience, quick brewing, ease of use, and minimal cleanup, all of which are sources of dissatisfaction with at-home users current systems. Young male are the most likely to buy the system. The key elements Keurig must implement into its promotion strategy for the B100 include being one of the first entrants into the at-home market, being portrayed as a single-cup pioneer, and enhancing its visibility in the up-scale market (Anderson, 2006). If in promotion it is been emphasized that Keurig is the one who thought about their At-home customers, with all the features elaborated enough and to make people aware that Keurig is offering various different flavor from five roasters then the customer will be compelled to buy. Place: Keurig already has its retail distribution network supported by KAD for OCS market but as Keurig now doesnt have the sources for retail outlets so there is need of applying a control distribution strategy. The strategy could be that the roaster would sell directly Keurig-cup to consumers and indirectly to the KADs. KAD will sell the cups directly to the OCS employees owning an at-home system as well such that KADs business is also not affected. Here the two cup approach seems to be going little overboard as the main concern is to maintain lower production and inventory cost and as the competition is already pricing lower than at which KAD is selling to OCS then any cost increment in K-cup price could decrease their sales. The Brewer system could be launch and sold via e-commerce enabled website which would be cheaper than retails outlets and is best suitable option. An e-commerce website could also be used to sell K-cup and the website can be promoted by putting special discou nt if consumers buy the product online. Advertising on the web is also cheaper than the billboard, banners and posters. Even the company can earn revenue by running the ads of the third party on our websites boarders. So e-commerce website is the best new distribution channel possible which can also provide the company with competitive advantage. Problems and Issue Suggestions: In the very Beginning the main issues and problem facing by the company for the launch of its new brewer B100 system were elaborated. Now after analysis the market, competitors products, distribution channels, pricing, economic and consumers trends following are the suggestion/recommendations; Among the production issues the primary one was because Keurig wanted to pursue direct marketing approach they thought of a two-cup theory will despite of solving the issue raised some serious one with GMCR (Green Mountain Coffee Roaster). In the light of the fact one-cup approach seems to be more effect, efficient and saves the manufacture unnecessary production and inventory cost. Now talking about the price according to the sales projection the breakeven prices are $199, $249 and $299 and as our B100 manufacturing cost is about $220 (trying to make it $ 200) so if the price is set at $ 249 then there is a possible option that in future if it is required the prices can be lowered. Based on the research it can be concluded that target market is agreeable to pay $0.55 per cup. At this price the KADs can maintain their price control in OCS market and Keurig and roaster can make higher profit per k-cup. Last but not the least the marketing efforts to give our product nice launch and high penetration in the market would be to place demonstration desk in the public places likes malls, airport, professional conventions etc. referral program could also be helpful in this regard. Using a website will provide an opportunity to the company to reach the consumers far off because KADs only deals within their districts so through website consumers from all across the country would be able to buy directly from the company and hence the sales would be elevated resulting in higher revenue generation and greater market share. Conclusion: Keurig new brewer B100 system is innovative idea for At-home consumers and it has the potential to sprang into a major market success, but GMCR has shown some serious and relevant concerns about two cups approach which even in our point of view is neither suitable now profitable to both the company and the roasters. Some new marketing ideas are also been recommended like demonstration stalls in public places and professional conventions. There was also a pricing issue according to our recommendation the price if set higher can be lowered so initial price should be $ 249 because the manufacturing cost incurring is around $ 220. Lastly it is thought to a very wise approach to launch B100 through direct marketing via internet and in this way consumers can directly buy from the company and company can take benefit from disintermediation and even earn some extra money by running ads of third party on its website. These recommendations are suggested by serious evaluation of fac ts and figure, trends and customer satisfaction criteria and must be considered gravely. REFERRENCES: 1) Anderson, Eric T. Feburary 28,2005. Keurig At Home: Managing a New Product Launch. Harvard Business School. 2) Ebenezer Heng, Feb 09,2009. What is so good about keurig B100? Retrieve from:http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Ebenezer_Heng 3) Adley Carson , May 11, 2010.Facts and Statistics about Coffee Consumption in the United States. Retrieve from:http://www.coffeemarvel.com/blog/post/2010/05/11/Facts-and-Statistics-about-Coffee-Consumption-in-the-United-States.aspx 4)Williams Paul, Nov 30, 2009. Keurig and Tassimo Single-Serve Coffee Makers A Throwdown Comparing the Top Two One Cup Brewers. Retrieve from:http://coffee.suite101.com/article.cfm/keurig_and_tassimo_singleserve_coffee_makers#ixzz0sGtSvTk5 5) Corporate Development Associates , May 2007. U.S. Market Overview Single-Serve Coffee Brewing In At-Home And Away-From-Home Coffee Markets Including Office Coffee Service Retrieve from: http://www.mindbranch.com/Overview-Single-Serve-R719-8/ 6) David Meier, October 06, 2009. Giving GMCR the Thumbs Down Retrieve from:http://caps.fool.com/Blogs/giving-gmcr-the-thumbs-down/271257 7) Jay Brewer Single Serve Coffee.com November 27, 2006.Cost Per Single Serve Coffee Cup: Coffee Pods, Keurig K Cups, Tassimo T Discs, and Nespresso Coffee Capsules; Retrieve fromhttp://www.singleservecoffee.com/archives/008530.php. 8) Keurig Incorporated. Retrieve from http://www.keurig.com 9) McCarthy, Jerome E. and William D. Perreault Jr., 2005. Basic Marketing: A Global- Managerial Approach. 15th Ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. .

ph levels Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction: In 1909 S.P.L. Sorensen published a paper in Biochem Z in which he discussed the effect of H1+ ions on the activity of enzymes. In the paper he invented the term pH to describe this effect and defined it as the -log[H1+ ]. In 1924 Sorensen realized that the pH of a solution is a function of the "activity" of the H1+ ion not the concentration and published a second paper on the subject. A better definition would be pH=-log[aH1+ ], where aH1+ denotes the activity of the H1+ ion. The activity of an ion is a function of many variables of which concentration is one. It is unfortunate that chemistry texts use a definition for pH that has been obsolete for over 50 years. Because of the difficulty in accurately measuring the activity of the H1+ ion for most solutions the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has defined pH as the reading on a pH meter that has been standardized against standard buffers. The following equation is used to calculate the pH of all solutions: The activity of the H1+ ion is determined as accurately as possible for the standard solutions used. The identity of these solutions vary from one authority to another, but all give the same values of pH to  ± 0.005 pH unit. The historical definition of pH is correct for those solutions that are so dilute and so pure the H1+ ions are not influenced by anything but the solvent molecules (usually water). In most solutions the pH ...